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Gangster rap, or hardcore rap, is generally considered a sub genre of the larger category of rap music, which itself is a subcategory of hip-hop. Gangster rap is differentiable from other rap music in that it makes use of images of urban life associated with crime (Haugen, 2). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica definition of gangster rap, the top four images associated with the genre are violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. Gangster Rappers as Defining the Hip-Hop Social Group As the hip-hop movement has gained recognition throughout the United States, it has established itself as one of the fastest growing social groups anywhere. In the late 1990s immediately following the murders of both Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace, two nationally known gangster rappers, a propaganda campaign escalated against rap music and the hip-hop culture (Slaughter). Although gangster rap only represented a small percentage of the hip-hop culture at the time, all hip-hop and rap music was instantly stereotyped negatively as being “gangter-like”. Why? Well, this gangster version of hip-hop was the highest selling and most recognized form of hip-hop music among the majority class. And many critics have determined that this is because America is in love with sex, drugs and violence (Whaley). Hip-Hop’s Rejection of Inferior Social Group Status Henri Tajfel, a social psychologist who developed a theory of inter-group relations and social change, argues that members of a social group deemed inferior by a majority class can either accept or reject their inferior position in society. If a group refuses to accept its inferior position in society as just, it will attempt as a group to change things (Coates, 8-9). A large number of hip-hop artists have used their musical lyrics to reject the inferior social status placed upon them by the majority class. The Reconstruction of the Gangster Identity I have found that hip-hop artists use lyrics, both musical and poetic, to redefine the negatives characteristics given to their culture by the majority class, and in the process, reconstruct the gangster identity. By examining these hip-hop and gangster rap lyrics as text, I will show ways in which the lyrics attempt to reconstruct the stereotyped gangster rap identity by examining different views of violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. In the end, one tends to wonder: Who exactly are the real gangsters? Violence That the hip-hop culture represents gangster-like violence is perhaps the biggest disputed claim amongst hip-hop artists. In order to disprove this claim, many hip-hop artists have pointed to the violence that exists within the majority social group, and how it leads to violence all over the world. In “Violence”, 2 Pac demonstrates his belief that violence was prevalent long before gangster rap existed: I told em fight back, attack on society If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be If you investigate you'll find out where it's comin’ from Look through our history, America's the violent one Here, the poet points to American society as “the violent one” and that he has to be violent in order to “fight back.” In “Who Knew”, Eminem showed a similar viewpoint by expressing his belief that violence is a common occurrence in American society, yet not challenged in genres outside of the urban environment: So who's bringin’ the guns in this country? I couldn't sneak a plastic pellet gun through customs over in London And last week, I seen a Schwarzaneggar movie Where he's shootin’ all sorts of these bad guys with an Uzi Here, the poet questions the existence of violence in a country that allows firearms and violent movies. In “Casualties of War”, Rakim blames the United States government, specifically its Head of State, as the group causing the violence in society with their war-like ways: I'ma get back to New York in one piece But I'm bent in the sand that is hot as the city streets Sky lights up like fireworks blind me Bullets, whistlin’ over my head remind me... President Bush said attack Flashback to Nam, I might not make it back In this text, the poet refers to our country’s decision to go to war as an example of the violence that exists amongst the majority social class. In “The Watcher”, Dr. Dre redefines the negative characteristic of violence by pointing to the police force as the source of violence, and therefore, referring to them as “gangster-like”: Things just ain't the same for gangstas Cops is anxious to put people in handcuffs They wanna hang us, see us dead or enslave us Keep us trapped in the same place we raised in Then they wonder why we act so outrageous Run around stressed out and pull out gauges Cause everytime you let the animal out cages It's dangerous, to people who look like strangers Here, the poet accuses the majority class of keeping them “trapped in the same place we raised in” and that the perceived violence is only due to the introduction of “people who look like strangers.” These are examples of how hip-hop artists redefine the image of violence by showing how it exists or was created within the majority social group. Drugs Another common disputed stereotype of hip-hop artists is their use and distribution of illegal drugs. In attempts to redefine this negative characteristic, many hip-hop artists have pointed at the majority social group as the facilitator of drug abuse. In “Justify My Thug”, Jay-Z speaks directly to members of government, raising questions about who has made the availability and use of these drugs possible: Mr. President, there's drugs in our residence Tell me what you want me to do, come break bread with us Mr. Governor, I swear there's a cover up Every other corner there's a liquor store - what is up? In this example, the poet inquires as to why there is a liquor store in “every other corner” of his community. In “I Want to Talk to You”, Nas uses the same approach to challenge the notion of drug distribution by asking his representatives what they would do in his situation: Why y'all made it so hard, damn People gotta go create their own job Mr. Mayo,r imagine if this was your backyard Mr. Governo,r imagine if it was your kids that starved Imagine your kids gotta sling crack to survive Here, the poet claims that the distribution of drugs is not only an effect of the poverty that exists in his environment, but also a means of survival. In “Manifesto”, Talib Kweli actually accuses the government of being the body which allows drugs into the country: Like the C.I.A. be bringin’ in crack cocaine bailin’ out of planes With the George Bush connections, I push Reflection Like I'm sellin’ izm, like a dealer buildin’ the system Supply and the demand it's all capitalism People don't sell crack cause they like to see blacks smoke People sell crack cause they broke In this example, the poet accuses the C.I.A. of flying drugs into the country, and again reiterates the point that it is a means of survival due to the “supply and demand” of a capitalist society. In “Damn It Feels Good to be a Gangster”, the Geto Boys fully redefine the negative characteristic of drug distribution by accusing the President of being a drug dealer, and therefore, a gangster: And now, a word from the President! Damn it feels good to be a gangsta Getting’ voted into the White House Everything lookin’ good to the people of the world But the Mafia family is my boss So every now and then I owe a favor gettin' down Like lettin' a big drug shipment through And send 'em to the poor community So we can bust you know who These examples show how hip-hop artists redefine the image of being drug dealers and users by again pointing to the majority class as the creator of the drug problem in this country. Materialism Hip-hop music is also seen by the majority class as a genre dominated by materialism. Again, artists point back to the majority class in an attempt to redefine this negative characteristic. In “Respiration”, Black Star points to all the wealth surrounding urban areas, and how it absorbs the lower class in materialism, making them want parts of that wealth: Where mercenaries is paid to trade hot stock tips For profits, thirsty criminals take pockets Hard knuckles on the second hands of workin’ class watches Skyscrapers is colossus, the cost of living Is preposterous, stay alive, you play or die, no options Here, the poet talks about various materialistic aspects of the majority class, and how the lower class must “play or die” to “stay alive.” In “All Falls Down”, Kanye West actually blames this materialism on American society: It seems we living the American dream But the people highest up got the lowest self esteem The prettiest people do the ugliest things For the road to riches and diamond rings In this example, the poet blames the “American dream” for materialism, saying it causes people to “do the ugliest things” for “riches and diamond rings.” In “Los Angeles Times”, Xzibit also blames this materialism on the majority class, claiming that is what the youth are taught coming up in urban environments: Welcome to L.A. Where you can see the whole city burning Cause the cops got Uzis and the dealers keep serving And your kids ain't learning it, except this Sex power and wealth, forget everything else Here, the poet expresses his belief that certain aspects of materialism, including “power and wealth” are taught to children through occurrences in society. These are examples how hip-hop artists redefine the negative characteristic of being materialistic by showing examples of how this materialism is prevalent in the majority class, and often created within that class. Sex And the final debated stereotype of the hip-hop social class is that they are sexually promiscuous, often leading to disrespectful treatment towards women. The poets also attempt to redefine this stereotype by blaming the core of the problem on society. In “Pussy Galore”, the Roots claim that the country’s obsession with sex is pushed by sexually-driven marketing campaigns: Lookin' out the limo window up at the billboards 200 miles, she was the only thing I saw Promotin' everything, from the liquor to the nicotine Cell phones, anti-histamines, chicken wings You gotta show a little skin to get them listening For real yo, the world is a sex machine In this example, the poet retells a personal experience in which he saw sex advertisements as “promotin’ everything.” And in order to “get them listening”, he claims, “you gotta show a little skin.” In “Get By”, Talib Kweli blames this sexual obsession on what we view on television: The TV got us reachin’ for stars Not the ones between Venus and Mars, The ones that be readin’ for parts Some people get breast enhancements and penis enlargers Here, the poet expresses his belief that television creates a misconception of what people should be sexually, and that contributes to the promiscuity that is being blamed on the hip-hop movement. Hip-hop artists have used their lyrics and poetry to influence the rejection and reconstruction of the gangster identity that plagues their social class. This is accomplished through the redefining of negative characteristics assigned by the majority class. In most cases, these redefinitions include pointing to the majority class as the real holders of these negative characteristics. The redefining of these “gangster-like” images through hip-hop lyrics helps to reconstruct the gangster identity by questioning “gangster-like” behaviors and which social class actually has these behaviors. So the question presented is: Who exactly are the gangsters? Works Cited / Discography 2 Pac. 2Pacalypse Now. Jive Records, 1991. Black Star. Mos Def & Talib Kweli are Black Star. Rawkus Records, 1998. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. Longman Publishing, New York: 1993. Dr. Dre. The Chronic 2001. Interscope Records, 1999. Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Geto Boys. Uncut Dope LP. Interscope Records, 1999. Haugen, Jason. “‘Unladylike Divas’: Language, Gender and Female Gangster Rappers.” Popular Music and Society: December, 2003. Jay Z. The Black Album. Def Jam, 2003. Kanye West. College Dropout. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2004. Nas. I Am. Sony Records, 1999. Rakim. Don’t Sweat the Technique. MCA Records, 1992. Rawkus Records. Lyricist Lounge Volume 1. Priority Records, 1999. Slaughter, Peter. “Attack on Rap Music.” Barutiwa Weekly News. June 14, 1997. Talib Kweli & DJ Hi-Tek. Train of Thought. Rawkus Records, 2000. Talib Kweli. Quality. Rawkus Records, 2003. The Roots. Phrenology. MCA Records, 2002. Whaley, Angela. “Hip Hop is Not for Sale.” Colorado State University’s Talking Back: Volume 3, Issue 1. Xzibit. 40 Days and 40 Nights. Loud Records, 1998. do penis elargement pills really work natural penile enlargment and lengthening vimax natural penis enlargement exercise penis enhancement supplement penis enlagement pic penile enlargment surgeries penis elargement patch best penis enargement pills

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Many visitors to our website Potty Training and Bedwetting Solutions wonder what the different treatment options are between bedwetting and potty training. This article explores the causes and some treatment options for bedwetting. Causes of bedwetting The most common reasons for a child suffering from bedwetting are as follows: developmental delays (as mentioned earlier), genetics (same here), sleep disorder (such as sleeping too deeply), behavior and psychological disorders, anatomy, antidiuretic hormone levels. The most commonly accepted, but also hardest to prove, cause of primary nocturnal enuresis is maturational delay of the central nervous system. Basically meaning that the child’s nervous system doesn’t sense that the bladder needs to be held, and the urine is released during sleep. Sleeping disorders make up a very large percentage of children who suffer from bedwetting, and there has been extensive research done on the subject, but there have been such varying results, that it is hard for researchers to determine a primary sleep disorder that can be determined as the main cause for bedwetting. Some people believe that bedwetting is mainly caused behaviorally, which leads to the issue of psychological consideration- some studies have shown that psychologically children who suffer from nocturnal enuresis have essentially the same behaviors as children who don’t, while other studies have concluded the opposite. In those studies that show psychological differences between the two groups, the differences have mainly been that a child who has a bedwetting problem is less social and has more self-esteem issues than the other group. This begs a question though: do the low self-esteem and social issues go hand in hand with bedwetting children, or does the bedwetting lead to these types of psychological situations in these children? Family history is also very important, and many studies have shown results that deem it almost conclusive that if a parent suffered from bedwetting as a child, there is a very strong chance that their child will. In fact, one study showed that in a family where both parents suffered from this condition, there was a 77 percent chance that their child would do the same. This is a helpful finding, because it helps dispel the theory that enuresis is a behavioral problem. In turn, this makes it more acceptable, and causes slightly less frustration and guilt, which can lead the way for a better outcome following therapy. Treating bedwetting In the beginning of trying to deal with a bedwetting situation, you may opt to try different methods of battling it without the interference of doctor or medical care. Whether or not medical intervention will be necessary depends largely on many factors, including such issues as the child’s age, how often they actually wet the bed, and the perceived severity of the problem by the child’s family, and most children actually do outgrow bedwetting, never needing treatment for it by a physician at all. Many parents use night time diapers to battle bedwetting, and while these work great in preventing the bed from getting wet due to the accident, they actually do very little in the way of helping resolve the issue. Although it is obviously very important to focus on this part of bedwetting, it is also very important to try to prevent future occurrences. This is why is a good idea to try and step in as early as possible to use many basic methods of prevention. Then, when these don’t work, you may decide to take your child to the doctor. You should know, though, that children younger than six years of age are usually not treated by doctors if bedwetting is the only problem. Once you have decided to take your child to a physician concerning bedwetting, it is important to know that it may take a long time to actually reach the ultimate goal of completely accident-free nights. It is a long process in which both the parent and the child must remain dedicated. There are two methods which doctors utilize to deal with bedwetting problems: behavioral therapy and medicine. It is extremely important that the parent and child be as cooperative as possible, and be willing to try the doctor’s suggestions. If anyone has a bad attitude about the situation, it can make solving the problem a whole lot harder, if not impossible. When you first take your child to the doctor, they will most likely want to rule out any medical conditions in the very beginning. While most of the children who are seen by physicians regarding bedwetting are perfectly healthy, some actually do have a medical condition. So, before a doctor will approach it as if they don’t, they will want to make sure that this really is the case. The evaluation the doctor does on your child should be geared toward ruling out anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract or bladder. These can include such situations as posterior urethral valves, an ectopic ureter, or an epispadiac urethra, which is a urethral opening on the dorsum of the penis. When the doctor does a thorough exam, which will include gathering family medical history, a physical exam, and a urine evaluation, they are usually able to determine whether or not there is a medical condition and, if there is, what that condition might be. When, and even before, your child is being medically treated for enuresis, it is an excellent idea to keep a diary of bedwetting episodes. Along with this diary, if the child’s bedwetting does not occur repetitively on a nightly basis, it is a good idea to write down anything that might have occurred that day to upset your child’s normal psychological balance. Once the doctor has determined whether there is, or is not, a medical condition contributing to your child’s bedwetting situation, they can determine which methods of treatment will best help them. Again, it is important to remember that consistent follow-up can be a key to improvement in bedwetting (it is also good to know that improvement is usually defined by most doctors as a 50 percent decrease in the frequency of bedwetting episodes). Your doctor may decide to use just one method of treatment or both in conjunction with one another. The behavioral methods can, and usually do, include the following: an alarm system, a reward system, asking your child to change the sheets, and bladder training. An alarm system Bedwetting Alarms can be an excellent tool for helping by retraining your child’s sleeping patterns so that they sleep more lightly, and wake up more often during the night, allowing less time for an accident to occur. You can set these for a certain amount of time and have your child get up and try to use the restroom every time the alarm goes off. A reward system can also be a very successful method of behavior therapy, especially once the child has learned new sleep patterns and is having less frequent accidents. Giving them either a small reward each day after a dry night, or a large reward at the end of a certain length of time, such as an entire week of dry nights, can help give your child even more incentive to try to wake up at night. Having your child change the sheets is also an excellent way to help keep them from having as many bedwetting nights. While it is never good to punish a child for something they have little to know control over, this is not punishment, and is instead a way for them to learn that they have to be responsible for their actions, even if those actions occur while they are sleeping. This also works well because they are having to get up out of bed and be pulled from the deep sleep more often, which in turn can lead them to sleep more lightly on a regular basis. Bladder training is another form of behavioral therapy that can help limit bedwetting nights. This is defined by, during the day, having your child hold their bladder for longer and longer periods of time. They may always go to the restroom immediately when they feel the urge to go, and so when they are in a deep sleep, that is how their body reacts when that urge hits them. If you teach your child to hold it for as long as they can when the urge comes while they are awake, they are more likely to be able to hold it subconsciously while they are asleep. If behavioral therapies do not work, and only if the child is 7 years of age, or older, medicines may be prescribed. Medicines work best in conjunction with behavioral therapy, because they are not a cure for bedwetting. They also may have side effects. If you do decide to go with medicines as a treatment option for your child, there are two common kinds, one of which your doctor will likely prescribe. One of these helps the bladder hold more urine, and one helps the kidneys make less urine. Obviously, these are not the types of drugs you will want your child to have to take consistently for the rest of their life. Instead, they are best when used temporarily in conjunction with the behavior therapy mentioned earlier. Helping your child cope with bedwetting Not only should you try to help your child overcome their bedwetting problem, but you should also focus on helping them to understand it and not feel quite so bad about it, if at all possible. Your child likely feels very ashamed at being a bedwetter. They may also feel guilt for not being able to control their body in a way that they feel they should. This is very likely in older children. You should never punish your child for this problem. It is very important to remember that your child cannot help it. Again, the older the child is, the more this applies, and your child is likely even more irritated about it than you are. You should try to not make your child feel any more guilt about it than they already do. It may also help your child to know that no one really knows the exact cause of bedwetting, because there are too many factors that have to be considered in each case. Explain to them the many different causes that might be affecting their situation, and the fact that these reasons are not their fault, and that you will help them overcome it. Tell them as much information as is necessary to help them be able to deal with it without thinking less of themselves. For instance, if you wet the bed as a child, be sure and explain this, while also informing them that it can run in families. This might help take some of the pressure off and relieve some of their guilt. Just remember, this is a rough time on both you and your child, and you should use whatever methods necessary to dispel your bedwetting difficulties. Keeping the right no-fault attitude can definitely help, as well as having an open mind to suggestions for treatments, and being dedicated to whatever ways you decide to treat bedwetting and/or potty training. cheap pnis enlargement semenax vig rx penis enlagement picture penis enlagement picture natural penile enlargement penile enlargement before and after picture vimax review pnis enlargement operation vigrx penis pill

Cialis is prescribed in cases of male erectile dysfunction. In other cases, many people have found that Cialis improves an already good sex life. They use Cialis as performance enhancer. That is fine as long as people are willing to acknowledge that they have a problem and they like the benefits that result. Cialis is not an aphrodisiac and it is not for everyone. To understand what is Cialis and how it works, I think that the following information are welcome. What is erectile dysfunction? Erectile dysfunction is the inability of the person to either initiate or sustain a penile erection for a sufficient period of time that is needed to attain a sexual gratification. The causes of it may be many for e.g. psychological, hormonal, arterial or muscular. What is erection? Erection is a process in which the penis becomes stiff and hard due to augmented blood flow. Erections may happen in response to physical or emotional stimulation, or sometimes an erection happens for no reason at all. Erection also enables sexual intercourse and some other sexual activities, though it is not essential for all of them. How the erection occurs? The penis contains two chambers called the corpora cavernosa, which run the length of the organ. When a man becomes aroused, the arteries leading into the penis open up so that pressurized blood can enter corpora cavernosa quickly. The blood creates pressure in the corpora cavernosa, making the penis expand and resulting the erection. What are the causes of erectile dysfunction? In most cases, physical causes of erectile dysfunction are very close related to blood flow circulation or nerve impulses to the penis. How Cialis works? As I said above, Cialis is not an aphrodisiac. It will not increase sexual drive. It only help people having disorders affecting the blood supply to the pelvis. Under sexual arousement Cialis' action relaxes muscles within the penis. This allows increased blood flow into the corpora cavernosa, very necessary to achieve and maintain a firm erection. Men with erectile dysfunction due to some arterial disorders will benefit the most. It doesn’t benefit those with hormonal problems or psychological problems except those with Diabetic neuropathy. penile enlargement surgeries vimax penis enlargement patch pennis enlargement operation bottle vimax pills penis enlargement pills pro solution permanent penis enlarement cheap penis enlagement pills safe pennis enlargement vigrx penis pill

Many nowadays prefer a natural hair loss remedy rather than treat their hair loss with drugs and medication. If you are looking for a natural hair loss remedy for male pattern baldness, you can try saw palmetto. Saw palmetto is a particular type of fruit that has been shown to help in hair loss according to some studies. Having some information about saw palmetto, its use and its benefits can help you decide if this natural hair loss remedy is the type of treatment that you are seeking for. Saw palmetto is a red fruit that grows in warmer climates throughout the world. It is most often seen in South Eastern regions of the United States. Studies into the use of saw palmetto was first done for research on prostate health. However, it was also noticed during the clinical trials that this popular fruit have positive benefits to those with male pattern baldness. Male pattern baldness is a hereditary condition that afflicts more men than women. Hair loss in male pattern baldness is characterized by a receding hairline and that continues in a horseshoe pattern. Hair on the sides and back of the head are mostly unaffected. The exact reason for male pattern baldness is still not very clear. Some studies suggest that excessive conversion of testosterone to another hormone called dihydrotestosterone (DHT) may be an underlying cause. In the studies for prostate health, saw palmetto was shown to block the production of DHT in men suffering from enlargement of the prostate. So how much saw palmetto should you eat for your hair loss? Unverified sources say that if you are eating the fruit, then one per day would in most instances be effective with treating your hair loss. However, if you are taking an extract, then a dosage of three hundred and twenty milligrams per day is recommended. Supplements containing nutrients of saw palmetto are also available to help with hair growth. One of the advantages of taking saw palmetto is that there are no known side effects. This is obviously better than taking synthetic drugs or medication that may have potential adverse results. In fact, these side effects include fast heart rate, headaches, impotence, and decreased libido. Saw palmetto should preferably be taken with other foods or substances. Otherwise, you may end up with a headache or stomachache. In addition, if you observed that you are getting allergic reactions, you should stop consuming saw palmetto immediately. In addition, if you are female and pregnant, then you should not use saw palmetto without medical supervision. Is Saw Palmetto used for Male Pattern Baldness? Currently, there is no known cure for male pattern baldness. Both conventional and natural treatments can help control the hair loss as long as one maintains the treatment. However, once the treatment is discontinued, there is the chance of recurrence. Saw palmetto may be the answer to providing your body with the necessary balance of the hormones and enzymes beneficial for combating hair loss. Do research more into this option if you are looking for a natural hair loss remedy for mild to moderate male pattern baldness. pro solution review vimax prosolution penis enlargement pills penis enlagement surgery photo best enlargement exercise pennis penis enlarement surgery natural penis enlagement technique manual penis enlagement free natural penis enlarement vigrx penis pill

Male breast enhancement involves both breast reduction as well as breast enlargement. There are several reasons that a man would choose some form of breast enhancement. In obese men, excess tissue accumulates over the pectoral region, giving an impression of feminine breasts. Also men who have higher levels of estrogen in their bodies have a tendency to have bigger breasts. These can now be surgically corrected by an operation called gynecomastia that is similar to liposuction. The surgeon makes an incision near the armpit and the extra tissue is disintegrated and withdrawn through it. This operation requires hospitalization for one or two days and is performed under anesthesia. Some men with small pectoral muscles go for breast enlargement. Breast enlargement provides a contour to the pectoral area in men who are devoid of it. This is an implant operation similar to that done in women. The difference is that the silicone implant is much harder and there is no question of leakage. This is usually an outpatient operation that lasts only a couple of hours and the patient can resume work within a week. As in women, there are herbal methods such as pills, capsules, and creams available for breast enlargement in men, but they do not work as effectively in men as they are specifically designed for female hormones. Exercise is another natural breast enlargement procedure implemented by many men. The perspective regarding male breast enhancement is changing. In 2004 alone, there were about 14000 men in the US who went under the knife for gynecomastia. That makes breast enhancement surgery the fifth most popular cosmetic surgery in American males. Some men even get the skin around their areolas folded to make their nipples seem smaller. It is important to note that men who undergo breast enlargement have to wear bras till their new tissue settles with the older one. Men who have breast enhancement surgeries done claim that it boosts their self-confidence. They are more at ease on beaches and in locker rooms. The notable point is that breast enhancement is not just a woman’s field anymore.